HTML Entities.

HTML math entities for Explorer 11, Firefox 27.0 and Chrome 31 browsers, Dec 2016.
Many do not work in Explorer 8.

Web references:
W3 school charsets.
Character entities in HTML4.
The American Institute of Physics Style Manual, 4th edition, 1990.

Example of usage. To write the copyright symbol ©, use code: ©.

HTML tag codes.

& amp, ampersand.
< lt, left angular bracket.
> gt, right angular bracket.

Commonly used symbols.

© copy, copyright.

™ trade, trademark.

® reg, registered.

¶ para, paragraph.

§, sect, section.

… hellip, horizontal ellipsis.

ˆ circ, circumflex.

‾ oline; overline.

† dagger, dagger. ‡ Dagger, double dagger.

‘ lsquo, left single quote. › rsquo, right single quote.

“ ldquo, left double quote. ” rdquo, right double quote.

‹ lsaquo, left single angle quotation mark. › rsaquo, right single angle quotation mark.

« laquo, left angle quotation mark. », raquo, right angle quotation mark.

∥ par, parallel. ⊥ perp, perpendicular.

¿ iquest, inverted question mark.

¡ iexcl, inverted exclamation mark.

¢ cent. $ dollar. € euro. £ pound. ¥ yen.

✓ check, check mark (tick).

✔ #10004, ✓ #x2713, ✔ #x1714.

☐ #9744, ☑ #9745, ☒ #9746, ✓ #10003, ✔ #10004.

☆ star, star symbol. ⋆ Star; solid star symbol.

♥ hearts, solid heart symbol. ♠ spades, solid spades symbol.
♦ diams, solid diamonds symbol. ♣ clubs, solid clubs symbol.

^ Hat, hat symbol.

• bull, bullet symbol.

□ square, square.

▪ blacksquare, black square.

▴ blacktriangle, black triangle.

▾ blacktriangledown, black triangle down..

◂ blacktriangleleft. black triangle left.

▸ blacktriangleright. black triangle right.

Some common letters, ligatures and diacriticals.

¨ uml, umlaut. ü uuml, umlauted u. Ü Uuml, umlauated capital U.

ö ouml, umlauted o . Ö Ouml, umlauted capital O.

´ acute, acute. á aacute, acute a. é eacute, acute e. É Eacute, capital E acute.

` grave, grave. è egrave, grave e. È Egrave, grave capital E.

æ aelig, ae ligature. Æ AElig, AE ligature.

Š Scaron. S caron.

ℵ aleph, Hebrew letter aleph.

ò ó ô õ ō o̅ ŏ ȯ ö ỏ o̊ ő ǒ o̍ o̎ ȍ o̐ ȏ o̒ o̓ o̔ o̕ o̖ #768-#790; diacriticals.

̗ o̘ o] o̚ ơ o̜ o̝ o̠ o̡ o̢ ọ o̤ o̥ o̦ o̧ ǫ o̩ o̪ o̫ o̬ o̭ o̮ o̯ #791-#814; diacriticals.

More diacriticals up to #879. See: W3 schools diacriticals.

Mathematics.

√ radic, radical. Square root.

∛ #8731, cube root.

∜ #8732, fourth root.

∝ prop, proportional to. Or: ∝ #8733.

ƒ fnof, function symbol. Or ƒ #402.

∴ there4. Or #8756, therefore.

∵ becaus, because. Or ∵ #8757.

⋅ sdot, dot operator.

¨ Dot, double dot.

· middot, middle dot. Or · #183.

• bull, bullet. Best for vector dot product.

□ square, open square. ■ #9632, solid medium square.

× times, multiplication operator. Don't use letter "x". × vector cross product is bold.

÷ division operator.

− minus, minus sign. Compare the hyphen - and the ndash – .

+ plus, plus sign. Compare the keyboard symbol: + . No difference in most fonts.

± plusmn, plus or minus symbol.

∓ mnplus, minus or plus symbol. Or ∓ #8723.

∠ ang, angle.

∞ infin, infinity.

< lt, less than. > gt, greater than.

≤ le, less than or equal to. ≥ ge, greater than or equal to.

≤ le, less than or equal to. ≥ ge, greater than or equal to.

⪙ el, equal or less than. ⪚ eg, equal or greater than.

≅ cong, congruent.

≈ asymp, approximately equal to.

≡ equiv, equivalent to.

≠ ne, not equal to.

~ tilde. It is on the keyboard.

⁄ frasl, fraction slash.

° deg, degree. Precede it with a non-breaking space, i.e. 20 °C

∇ nabla, nabla or grad. Not supported in IE8 for Windows XP.

∇ #8711, nabla or grad. Not supported in IE8 for Windows XP.

← larr, left arrow.

→ rarr, right arrow.

↑ uarr, up arrow.

↓ darr, down arrow.

∫ int, integral operator.

∬ Int, double integral operator.

∭ tint, triple integral operator.

∮ conint, contour integral operator.

∯ Conint, contour double integral operator.

∱ cwint, clockwise contour integral operator.

⨑ awint, anti-clockwise contour integral operator.

∲ #8753, clockwise contour integral operator.

∳ #8755, counter-clockwise contour integral operator.

∑ sum, summation operator.

∏ prod, product operator.

∂ part, partial derivative.

π pi, Greek letter pi.

Π Pi, Greek upper case letter pi. Other letters, same pattern.

ħ #295, h-bar, for h/2π. Better and clearer: ℏ #x210F

ℋ hamilt, hamiltonian.

ℒ lagran, lagrangian.

ℏ planck, Planck's constant.

ℓ #x2113, lower case script "L".

ℒ #x2112, upper case script "L".

ℋ #x219B. upper case "H"

½ half, fraction 1/2. Or ½, frac12.

⅓ ¼ ¾ ¼ ¾ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅞, frac13 etc. Fractions.

⅓ #8531, fraction 1/3. ⅔ #8532, fraction 2/3.
⅕ #8533, fraction 1/5. ⅖ #8534, fraction 2/5. ⅗ #8535, fraction 3/5. ⅘ #8536, fraction 4/5.
⅙ #8537, fraction 1/6. ⅚ #8538, fraction 5/6.
⅛ #8539, fraction 1/8. ⅜ #8540, fraction 3/8. ⅝ #8541; fraction 5/8. ⅞ fraction 7/8.

⟨ lang left angle. ⟩ rang, right angle.

⌉ rceil, right ceiling.
⌈ lceil, left ceiling.
⌊ lfloor, left floor.
⌋ rfloor, right floor.
‾ oline, overline.

| | hair space, #8202
| | thin space, #8201
| | en space, #8194
| | em space, #8195
| | 3-per-em space, #8196
| | 4-per-em space, #8197
| | 6-per-em space, #8198

µ micro, metric micro.

μ mu, Greek letter mu, for comparison.

φ phi, Greek letter phi. Φ Phi upper case.

ø oslash, for comparison. Ø Oslash, upper case oslash.

αβγδεπθωψφ

ΑΒΓΔΕΠΘΩΨΦ

ß slig, German es-zed, or double s.

Half line spacing in monospaced text, use <p style="line-height:50%">...</p>

    1 (W ) = ——————————— y i 2 [log(S ) ] A i

Fractions, using 50% line height within table tag, horizontal rule for the dividing line and <center> for the denominator:

(3 + 7) (4x2)

8(z + 3)

 
1
(Wy)i = 
 
[log(SA)i]2

Isotopes.

The pre-super and pre-subscripts in the standard notation for isotopes is a real problem in HTML. This is an isotope
12
  C
 6
in a table within a text line. Used <table style="display:inline-table;"> and <td style="line-height:50%:> line spacing within the table, and then double-subscripted the table. This does not align properly in Firefox, but it is readable.

12 The chemical element C rendered in monospaced font and half line spacing. 6

This used <p style="line-height:50%">

Square roots using the <span style="text-decoration:overline"> for the radical overline, and <span style="font-size:13px;vertical-align:+25%;"> for the superscript. This has a defect in the overline over the superscript, but that is tolerable.

b2 − 4ac 

Square roots using the table tag and verdana font:

Solutions of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 . Verdana font 12px and 25% vertical-align.

−b ± √ b2 − 4ac 
          2a          

MathML Math Markup Language.

MathML works in Firefox 27, but not in Explorer or Chrome.

Aligned super and subscripts 0 1 written using the <math> tag and <msubsup>.

An isotope 6 12 C using the <math> tag and empty <mo></mo> tag.


This document compiled by Donald E. Šímánek, 2016, 2017.