PHYSICAL CONSTANTSMECHANICS AND CLASSICAL PHYSICS Gravitational constant 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-1 Acceleration due to gravity, g 9.80 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2 Speed of sound in dry air (stp) 331 m/s ASTRONOMICAL Length of earth year 3.16 x 107 sec Radius of the earth 6.38 x 106m = 3965 miles Mean radius of the earth's orbit 1.49 x 1011 m = 9.26 x 107 miles Mass of the earth 5.98 x 1024 kg Weight of the earth 3.3 x 1018 lb HEAT AND KINETIC THEORY Avogadro constant NA 6.02 x 1026 kmole-1 Boltzmann constant 1.38 x 10-23 J K-1 Universal gas constant 8310 J kmole-1 K Absolute zero, 0°K -273 C = 460 F Volume of 1 kmole (stp) 22.4 m3 kmole Mechanical equivalent of heat 4185 J kcal-1 LIGHT Vacuum speed of light 2.9979 x 108 m/s Ångstrom unit 10-10 m ELECTRICAL Coulomb law constant 9.00 x 109 N m2 C2 Permittivity of free space, eo 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1 Permeability of free space, mo 4 p x 10-7 H m-1 Faraday 9.65 x 104 C m-1 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Rest mass of the electron 9.1091 x 10-31 kg = 0.511 MeV Electron charge 1.6021 x 10-19 C Specific charge of electron, e/m 1.7588 x 1011 C/kg Planck's constant 6.6257 x 10-34 J sec = 4.136 x 10-15eV s Unified atomic mass unit (u) 1.661 x 10-27 kg = 931 MeV (1/12 mass carbon 12 = 1/NA) 1 curie = 3.700 x 1010 disintegrations/s 1 Angstrom unit = 10-10 meter = 105 Fermi 1 Fermi = 10-15 meter SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES kc kg-1C-1 J kg-1K-1 ice 0.5 2000 water 1.0 4190 steam 0.48 2010 iron 0.11 470 lead 0.031 130 aluminum 0.22 910 mercury 0.033 138 glass 0.16 837 LATENT HEATS OF TRANSFORMATION kC kg-1 J kg-1 steam-water 540 334 x 103 ice-water 80 2256 x 103 LINEAR EXPANSION COEFFICIENT aluminum 22.2 x 10-6 C-1 brass 18.8 copper 16.2 steel 13.4 iron 11.7 ELASTIC MODULI In units: 1010 N/m2 = 109 dyne/cm2 METAL YOUNG SHEAR BULK Aluminum 7.0 3.0 7.0 Brass 9.1 3.6 6.1 Copper 11.0 4.22 14.0 Iron 19.0 7.0 10.0 Steel 20.0 8.4 16.0 Tungsten 36.0 15.0 20.0 STATIC FRICTION COEFFICIENT glass on glass 0.9 to 1.0 wood on wood 0.25 to 0.5 wood on metals 0.2 to 0.6 leather on metal 0.6 rolling friction 0.004-0.006 steel on steel, 20°C, lubricated with light machine oil: 0.16 INDEX OF REFRACTION Na (D) Hg(grn) 5890 Â 5461 Â water 1.3330 1.3345 glass, crown 1.5170 1.5191 glass, flint 1.6499 1.6546 alcohol, ethyl 1.367 lucite 1.47 DENSITY DENSITY OF SOLIDS aluminum 2.7 gm/cm3 brass 8.4 copper 8.9 crown glass 2.5 to 2.7 flint glass 3.0 to 3.6 gold 19.3 iron and steel 7.88 lead 11.3 nickel 8.8 silver 10.5 wood, oak 0.60 to 0.90 wood, pine 0.35 to 0.50 zinc 7.1 DENSITY OF LIQUIDS alcohol, ethyl 0.79 alcohol, methyl 0.81 gasoline 0.68 to 0.75 glycerine 1.26 mercury 13.6 turpentine 0.87 water 1.00 DENSITY OF GASES air 0.001293 carbon dioxide 0.001975 helium 0.000179 hydrogen 0.000089 nitrogen 0.000125 oxygen 0.00143 RESISTIVITY OF METALS aluminum 2.63 x 10-8 W m brass 6.4 to 8.4 constantin 49 copper (annealed) 1.72 copper (hard drawn) 1.60 iron (annealed) 9.70 iron (hard drawn) 15.0 silver 1.63 German silver 33.0 mercury 6.93 manganin 44 SPECTRAL LINE WAVELENGTHS Wave lengths of prominent spectral lines, in Ångstroms: Mercury discharge 6232 orange 6152 orange 5791 yellow 5770 yellow 5461 green (bright, yellowish) 4960 green (faint) 4916 blue-green (faint) 4358 blue 4078 violet 4047 violet Sodium flame or discharge 5890 yellow (D2 line) 5896 yellow Neon discharge 6929 6599 6507 6402 6383 6334 6217 6164 6143 6074 6030 5882 5852 5401 5341 Hydrogen discharge 6563 red 4861 blue-green 4340 blue 4102 blue 3970 violet 3889 violet Helium discharge 7281 7065 red 6678 red 5876 yellow 5048 blue-green (faint) 5016 blue-green 4922 blue-green (faint) 4713 blue 4686 blue 4471 blue 4438 blue (faint) 4388 blue (faint) 4144 4121 4026 3965 3889 violet Argon discharge 4628 4596 4511 4345 4334 4300 4272 4266 4259 4201 4198 4191 4182 4164 4159 NUCLIDE MASS, in atomic mass units (u): Z A Name Symbol Nuclide Half Mass (u) life electron e .00055 0 1 neutron n 1.008665 10.8 min 1 1 Hydrogen H 1.007825 1 2 Deuterium D 2.014102 1 3 Tritium T 3.016050 12.26 yr 2 3 Helium He3 3.016030 2 4 Helium He4 4.002603 2 5 Helium He5 5.0123 2 6 Helium He6 6.018892 0.802 s 3 5 Lithium Li5 5.01250 3 6 Lithium Li6 6.01702 4 9 Beryllium Be9 9.01218 26 56 Iron Fe56 55.9349 26 57 Iron Fe57 56.9354 © 1999, 2004, by Donald E. Simanek. |